Deontological Ethics Essay

Immanuel Kant’s theory of ethics is considered deontological for several different reasons. [4][5] First, Kant argues that to act in the morally right way, people must act from duty (deon). [6] Second, Kant argued that it was not the consequences of actions that make them right or wrong but the motives of the person who carries out the action. Kant’s argument that to act in the morally right way one must act purely from duty begins with an argument that the highest good must be both good in itself and good without qualification. Something is â€Å"good in itself† when it is intrinsically good, and â€Å"good without qualification†, when the addition of that thing never makes a situation ethically worse. Kant then argues that those things that are usually thought to be good, such as intelligence, perseverance and pleasure, fail to be either intrinsically good or good without qualification. Pleasure, for example, appears not to be good without qualification, because when people take pleasure in watching someone suffering, this seems to make the situation ethically worse. He concludes that there is only one thing that is truly good: Nothing in the world—indeed nothing even beyond the world—can possibly be conceived which could be called good without qualification except a good will. [7] Kant then argues that the consequences of an act of willing cannot be used to determine that the person has a good will; good consequences could arise by accident from an action that was motivated by a desire to cause harm to an innocent person, and bad consequences could arise from an action that was well-motivated. Instead, he claims, a person has a good will when he ‘acts out of respect for the moral law’. [7] People ‘act out of respect for the moral law’ when they act in some way because they have a duty to do so. So, the only thing that is truly good in itself is a good will, and a good will is only good when the willer chooses to do something because it is that person’s duty, i. e. out of â€Å"respect† for the law. He defines respect as â€Å"the concept of a worth which thwarts my self-love. â€Å"[8] Kant’s two significant formulations of the categorical imperative are: Act only according to that maxim by which you can also will that it would become a universal law. Act in such a way that you always treat humanity, whether in your own person or in the person of any other, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end.

Concept analysis Essay

The purpose of this paper is to expand the understanding of the concept of trust and its relation to the nursing profession as it functions as a whole. Trust is fundamental in all successful relationships from business to personal. Without trust there is no confidence to believe in what someone is telling or doing for you. Thousands of articles result from googling the word trust. Countless way to build trust in the workplace, with your loved ones, and in leadership are noted. Forbes magazine acknowledges the importance of trust in leadership and builds strategies based on trust to bring companies to higher profit levels and increased productivity (Horsager, 2012). Numerous polls on most trusted professions, place nursing in the top ten demonstrating the connection patients feel with nurses and their trust in them to have their best interest at hand (Wilson, 2012). According to Kahn (2013) â€Å"Nurses have ranked highest in honesty and ethics in America since Gallup began including the profession in the poll in 1999† (pp.2). The word trust is continually referenced throughout the ANA Code of Ethics as a basis for effective communication in all working and patient relationships. Trust is the groundwork for not only all nursing care but in any professional setting and without it relationships are compromised. So what is trust? Webster’s Dictionary defines trust the noun as the assured reliance on the character, ability, strength, or truth of someone or something; a charge or duty imposed in faith or confidence or as a condition of some relationship something committed or entrusted to one to be used or cared for in the interest of another (Trust, 2014). According to Changing Minds, (2013) â€Å"trust is both and emotional and logical act. Emotionally, it is where you expose your vulnerabilities to people, but believing they will not take advantage of your openness. Logically, it is where you have assessed the probabilities of gain and loss, calculating expected and concluded that the person in question will behave in a predictable manner  (pp.1). Dinc & Gastmens, (2013) describe trust as â€Å"a belief that our good will be taken care of or as an attitude bound to time and space in which one relies with confidence on someone or something, and as a willingness to engage oneself in a relationship with an acceptance that vulnerability may arise† (p.502). â€Å"When we trust others we accept that they will act honestly and that we can depend on them to behave in a predictable way, and that they won’t abuse our trust (Getting Comfy, 2013). Our dependence on those we trust leaves us vulnerable and we are essentially accepting that area of vulnerability: Dinc & Gastmans (2011) states, â€Å"Where one depends on another’s good will, one is necessarily vulnerable to the limits of that good will, and gives others an opportunity t o harm when one trusts, and shows confidence that they will not take it† (p. 224). Horsager, (2012) discussed the concept of trust in the following statement: As a leader, you are trusted only to the degree that people believe in your ability. Be open and transparent. Keep people informed. People are often more concerned by what they do not know than what they do. Explain your decision making process and the rationale for your decisions. Admit when there are problems and make relevant information available† (pp.4). Studies revealed that patients have a pre-existing trust, due to previous experiences with health-care providers, and a confidence in the nursing profession due to their extensive education (Dinc & Gastmens, 2013). â€Å"Authenticity in nursing leadership is often described as the glue needed to hold together a healthy work environment† (Pross & Sherman, 2010, pp. ). The general population has an initial trust in our law enforcement agencies due to trus t in the government’s intense application and training process. As infants we learn basic trust or mistrust depending on how well nurtured we are by our parents. Mcleod, (2013) explains, â€Å"If the care the infant receives is consistent, predictable and reliable they will develop a sense of trust† (pp.2.). Stockbrokers are trusted with life savings to invest and make sound judgments because they have proven their ability to produce large returns. Pastors are trusted that the sermon they preach is from the Bible, and we have faith, and hope that the Bible is true. Marriages thrive or fail all based on the trust of each other in the relationship. There are many facets to what trust actually means for each situation but all require certain factors to achieve that trust. The nurse- patient relationship  requires several conditions to establish trust. According to Dinc & Gastmans (2013) â€Å"availability and accessibility of the nurse, feeling emotionally and physically safe, feeling at home and valued as an individual, feeling adequately informed, and respectful communication† (p.507). In the professional context of a nurse it begins with a reliance on skills that then has the opportunity to evolve as a relationship is established through communication and actions. Raeve, (2014) states, â€Å"Patients appear to trust in a nurse’s skills made manifest through her professional qualifications† (p.157). When we meet someone outside of this context we rarely have and immediate trust of them. Trust in the laymen’s definition is something that is earned, over time and experience of prior social interactions. It’s a confidence and knowing that our closest friends will not do us harm. This is where the nursing profession is unique in that trust is given where no time has been available to earn that type of trust. Mathias, Pullen & Richard (2010) articulated a deeper understanding of fostering trust with patients: â€Å"A therapeutic nurse-patient relationship is defined as a helping relationship that’s based on mutual trust and respect, the nurturing of faith and hope, being sensitive to self and others, and assisting with the gratification of your patient’s physical, emotional, and spiritual needs through your knowledge an d skill† (p.4) In the nurse-patient relationship, trust is built mainly through our ability as well as demonstration of benevolence by providing care with their best interest in mind as well as open communication. Mathias, Pullen. & Richard (2010) listed the following as guidelines for nurses to establish trust with their patients: 1. Introduce yourself to your patient and use her name while talking with her. A handshake at your initial meeting is often a good way to quickly establish trust and respect. 2. Make sure your patient has privacy when you provide care. Be sure that her basic needs are met, including relieving pain or other sources of discomfort. 3. Actively listen to your patient. Make sure you understand her concerns by restating what she has verbalized. 4. Maintain eye contact. Remember, too much eye contact can be intimidating. Smile at intervals and nod your head as you and your patient engage in conversation. Speak calmly and slowly in terms that she can understand. Your voice inflection should say â€Å"I care about you.† 5. Maintain professional  boundaries. Some patients need more therapeutic touch, such as hand-holding and hugging, than others and some patients prefer no touching. Always respect different cultures (pp.2). Common phrases containing the concept trust includes: trust and obey, in God we trust, trust is a two way street and trust your instincts. After analyzing all the uses of the concept of trust and what they have in common, I came up with the following critical attributes: Belief in ability and effectiveness to do something Genuine care and consideration for the best interest of all parties Interests are considered and respected Integrity displayed through consistency of action. Model case A patient is being admitted for an outpatient surgery, the nurse enters and introduces herself, tells her how long she has been a nurse and explains the process of what she will be doing. She then explains what will come throughout the surgical process from admission to recovery (belief in ability and effectiveness to do something). As the medication list is reviewed the nurse notices that the patient has a medication that is contraindicated with another she is taking and discusses this with the patient. The patient then expresses that she has been having side effects that she did not realize were from those the mix of medications. She thanks the nurse for noticing the mix up and states she feels so grateful to have her as her nurse today (genuine care and consideration). The nurse tell the patient she has to shave the groin area for the procedure. The patient appears somewhat apprehensive, so as the nurse pulls the curtain she explains what she will be doing and uses a towel to cove r exposed areas as she works (privacy and respect). The surgical bath is prepared as the nurse walks the patient through the process. The patient is a little more comfortable this time and as she is given a towel to cover exposed areas, she is more helpful as the nurse washes (consistency of action). Next the nurse must start the IV, the patient expressed her concern that the last time she was poked multiple times and that no one would listen to her when she told them the best placement. The nurse acknowledges this information and thanks her. She proceeds to look at the placement the patient prefers  and informs her that she will place the IV there. As she finishes up she explains to the patient that although sometimes we can go where you prefer , that it’s not always possible but to always speak up to the nurses because it is helpful (interests are considered and respected). Contrary Case A patient is waiting in the ER bay, the nurse walks in offering no introduction but hands the patient a gown stating, â€Å"put this on only underwear on underneath.† At the same time the nurse starts with a rush of questioning while the patient gets up to pull the curtain herself (no privacy or respect). The patient tries to describe her symptoms and the pain she is in but the nurse cuts her off mid-sentence and tells her to just tell the doctor when he arrives, she is only here to get a history, vitals and start fluids (no genuine care or consideration). The patient inquires as to how long the nurse has been practicing to which the nurse replies, â€Å"awhile† (No belief in ability). The nurse then begins to look at patients arm to look for IV placement, the patient tells the nurse easiest placement usually is from past experiences. The nurse tells the patient she hates when people try to tell her how to do her job (interests are not considered or respected). The nurs e then walks away and tells the patient she will be back to which a different nurse returns to continue the admission (no consistency of action). Borderline Case A patient is waiting for nurse to give her medications. The nurse comes in on time as always with the medications (consistency of action). The nurse remembers to bring in the patients favorite juice to take the pills down with (interests are considered). The patient tells the nurse she needs to use the bedside commode first so the nurse closes the door and tells the patient to push the call light once she has finished (privacy and respect). The nurse returns prepares to give the patient an injection but when the patient asks exactly what the injection is for the nurse does not know and simply responds, â€Å"it’s just something the doctor wants you to have.† The nurse then calls another nurse to verify where the shot should be given, all the while the patient is now concerned that the nurse should not be  administering the medication (no belief in ability or effectiveness to do something). Concepts related to trust: Integrity Benevolence Credibility Confidence Veracity Invented Case A boy spots a rainbow in the sky and is filled with excitement because if he finds the end he knows a pot of gold is waiting for him. The boy tells his best friend who has a special map that he drew just for this occasion and gives it to him to follow (belief in ability and effectiveness). The best friends tells him he wants to go to, that he has always dreamed of this day and so the boy invites him to come along (interests are considered). The two set off on their way to find the end of the rainbow and encounter a fork in the road. The boy admits he has no sense of direction and that every time his best friend chooses which way to go they end up in the right place (consistency of action). Together they decide to go right and before they know it they are at the end of the rainbow. As they approach a leprechaun appears and asks the boys to turn around so they won’t see where he hides the gold, the boys oblige and the leprechaun returns with a pot of gold (privacy and respect). Illegitimate Case An illegitimate use of the term â€Å"trust† Definition: Firm reliance on the integrity, ability, or character of a person or thing. Use: â€Å"Trust me, I know what I’m doing.† Antecedents Consistency Integrity Communication Competence Consequences of Trust Commitment Cooperation Therapeutic relationships Respect Conflict Resolution In conclusion, the concept of trust remains a broad concept as a whole however it is better defined as it relates to each circumstance. Trust is continually evolving in the nurse patient relationship and as we become more educated and socially and emotionally aware, we are better able to assess the context of and redefine the way trust is established for that moment. Knowing the basics of building trust is just a stepping stone to becoming better leaders within our profession as we apply the skills across the continuum from patients to co-workers and other health professionals. References Changing Minds. (2013). What is Trust? Retrieved March 8, 2014 from: http://changingminds.org/explanations/trust/what_is_trust.htm Dinc, L., & Gastmans, C. (2011). Trust and trustworthiness in nursing: an argument-based literature review. Academic Journal, 19 (3), 223-237.doi:10.1111/j.1440-1800.2011.00582.x Dinà §, L., & Gastmans, C. (2013). Trust in nurse–patient relationships: A literature review, 20 (5), 501-516. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0969733012468463 Getting Comfy. (2013). Why Trust is the Foundation of Leadership. Retrieved March 5, 2014 from: http://gettingcomfy.com/2013/12/21/ Horsager, D. (2012). You Can’t Be a Great Leader Without Trust. Here’s How You Build It. Retrieved March 3, 2014 from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesleadershipforum/2012/10/24/you-cant-be-a-great-leader-without-trust-heres-how-you-build-it/ Kahn, J. (2013). Nurses Are the Most Trusted Professionals in America. Retrieved March 5, 2014 from://healthpopuli.com/2013/12/16/ nurses-are-the-most-trusted-professionals-in-america/ Mathias, T., & Pullen, R. (2010). Fostering therapeutic nurse-patient relationships. Nursing Made Incredibly Easy, 8(3), 4.doi:

Pros and Cons in Fox Hunting

In this paper I will discuss the issues surrounding foxhunting. I will mention the pros and the cons and then I will decide if fox hunting should be criminalized. I will begin with the pros. Just a little intro on foxhunting and what it is. In Britain mostly England foxhunting is a popular sport. Hunters set out on horse back following hounds witch are following the scent of foxes. When the hounds find the fox they rip it apart and the hunters watch this happen and then go off to find more foxes. The foxhunters generally wear coats of bright scarlet, called pinks. The members of the club support the hunt, and the Master of Fox Hounds (MFH) usually maintains it. Some of the pro points of fox hunting are, the fox is a pest and its population needs to be controlled. Farmers are concerned and agree with this. Responsible fox management includes maintaining a healthy population at a level, which it can grow without threatening livestock or other wildlife. Fox hunting is the most natural method of management: by its nature it takes out the old sick and injured foxes. Fox hunting does not just help control fox numbers, landowners with an interest in fox hunting plant and maintain coverts, woodlands and copses for the benefit of all wildlife. If it wasn't for fox hunting they would over populate and they would eventually have to be caught and be shot or gassed. Foxes cause significant lamb, piglets, and poultry losses. Scientific estimates vary from 0. 5% to 5. %; even at 2% the cost to a typical farmer with 1500 lambs and piglets is worth over $2200. Without control the percentage would increase considerably. If there was a ban on fox hunting 15,000 people whose jobs directly depended on fox hunting would be out of work, some 14,000 foxhounds would have no future, as these working pack hounds would not make suitable pets. The species is not endangered Now on to the cons of the subject, the official foxhunting season begins on November 1st and continues through April. Some hunts even go into May. Fox cubs are usually born in March, which means that a pregnant and nursing vixen (female fox) are hunted and killed by hounds. Incidents of vixens being killed and unborn cubs being scattered around by the hounds at a kill, these have been recorded on film. There are also several recorded instances of hounds attacking small pet dogs and cats which, although fatally savaged survived the initial attack, further evidence that the hounds do not kill their prey instantly. Generally people see it as a cruel blood sport that should be banned. Many have argued that if fox hunting is banned jobs will be lost, however this is unlikely to happen because labor and other resources associated with fox hunting would be reinvested in other enterprises and activities. Drag and bloodhound hunts represent a cruelty-free alternative to mounted fox hunting. Drag hunting involves riding horses across open country in pursuit of a scent left by a human, either running on foot or trailed on scented â€Å"drag† from a horse. Bloodhound hunts differ from drag hunts in that there are fewer hounds and the hounds chase a human quarry (e. . a local athlete), rather than dragged artificial scent. Because of this few, if any jobs would be lost if the people that were involved in fox hunting chose to participate in either of these activities. A ban would also increase the availability of resources previously used by hunting to other rural business. For example, horse stables could be converted to living accommodation or office space. Overall, it would appear that a ban on fox hunting is unlikely to have any significant negative effect on rural employment. Existing evidence suggests that many jobs will be saved or created by a switch to drag or bloodhound hunting, and by the growth of new activities. Now for my conclusion if fox hunting should be criminalized, both sides have good arguments but I am against foxhunting because there are other methods of getting rid of the fox. From the research I have done I noticed that the hunters don†t just go after the fox because there is too much of them, but they also get a rush out of it. That†s why there are drag hunting and bloodhound hunts. A survey was done by 1000 farmers and they found that support for fox and drag/bloodhound hunting was fairly similar. 56% of farmers would not allow drag/bloodhound hunting on their land, compared to 48% opposed to foxhunting. Based on these findings, the league against cruel sports extrapolated that as many as 60 000 farmers in the UK, covering up to 7. 5 million hectares of land, would allow drag hunts on their land. Jobs would not be lost because the people and the hounds can transfer to drag hunting. I believe that a ban on foxhunting would be beneficial toward the economy and a new era would begin.

What are Effective Ways of Coping with Anxiety and Nervousness in Essay

What are Effective Ways of Coping with Anxiety and Nervousness in Teaching - Essay Example   Learners for the lessons were non-native English-speaking students. The English Language Institution was chosen for this teaching practice. This course is designed for someone who wishes to visit an English-speaking country soon, and it is also suitable for students who are studying English for educational reasons. At the moment, the learners level of English is approximately the lower intermediate level. The class size will be no more than 10 students, who will be at least 16 years old. The main purpose of this lesson is to introduce new vocabulary and simple grammar. Students will be able to improve their communication skills for leisurely and social purposes by engaging in authentic conversational activities; they also gain practice in using English language patterns through reading the customized text and completing predetermined gaps in the text meaningfully. By providing both controlled and freer practice, it is intended that students will become more confident in their use of English. Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) is the methodological framework for a lesson where tasks are used as â€Å"the core unit of planning and instruction† (Richards and Rodegers, 2001: 223). By setting difficult but achievable tasks, the students are challenged, which then facilitates learning. This lesson emphasizes the process of learning, provides the students with a natural context for language use and focuses on tasks  that are meaningful, as, without meaning, there can be no learning (Larsen-Freeman, 2000; Littlewood, 2004). Based on the TBLT, some useful lesson procedures for teaching receptive skills are developed. However, since tasks are defined in terms of what people actually do in authentic situations, there is flexibility in the pedagogical approach, so long as the learners complete the tasks meaningfully and are not expected to regurgitate others' meaning. What it means to be a teacher covers a wide scope of responsibility. As teaching is a ‘people-orient ed’ field, many considerations must be taken into account when making decisions that would benefit the majority. This peer-teaching practice has pushed me to the deepest level of introspection regarding my own beliefs and principles on teaching and education.

Safe Haven by Nicholas Spark Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safe Haven by Nicholas Spark - Essay Example ie ending up in a small North Carolina town, a grief stricken hero in his thirties, leading a dedicated and restrained life until he is bewitched by a cute damsel, a series of miss happenings amply interspersed with love and romance, a mature confidant bent on making the two lovers cherish each other and strike a romantic bond. However, the good thing about Safe Haven is that these similarities end up only here. Over all Spark has managed to contrive an interesting plot, dexterously placing the events and actions in a tactical way, to yield the expected, yet, engaging emotional and artistic effects. The character of Katie initiates a line of action that depends for its fulfillment on the ignorance of the characters, with whom she is designed to interact during the course of the narrative, leading to imaginable yet ingratiating happenings. In that sense the book does manage to grasp the reader interest and attention. One other thing that makes the book a must read is the element of surprise and risk introduced into it by the writer. In that context, the characterization of Kevin, Katie’s husband is indeed praise worthy and complex. It is only when Kevin enters the plot that it makes the readers’ expectations and apprehensions augment to a peak level, leaving them engaged and interested in knowing about the future course of events, and as to how the two central characters that are Katie and Alex will respond to them. In that sense, Spark does manages to build up a sense of uncertainty amongst the readers, making them establish a kind of bond and commitment with Katie and Alex. This ploy gives way to a sense of suspense and apprehension in the novel, irrespective of the readers being able to decipher as to how the story will or should end. Spark does succeed in giving way to a structure that is predictable, yet, replete with a paradoxical tension, ensuing from diverse situations and possibilities, thereby allowing the writer to play with a willing suspension of

A Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 3

A - Essay Example Slight mistakes in any of the field listed would render the whole project being undertaken futile. The computer is the core of every operation in the current generation of trade and general life. That is why it is taken first as the core qualification for any other do. Continuous development on it brings experience especially when applied to the other fields of concern as listed. I am also a philanthropist. Based on acquisition of all these qualifications, the main aim is profitability and objectivity to the society. The computer society degree has a major aim of easing problem solving skills in the society; the business operations degree will be endeared toward helping profitable engagements in the society. The degree in youth and women empowerment is meant to develop a strong team of women and youth in the society. This is a show if value and giving back to the society in spite of having achieved much in the long run as an individual. One aspect of me that is very predominant therefore is that of bringing change to my immediate environment. This change started with me. The first thing is to get the valuable education required. It is also systematic in that it starts with a foundation on computers. The next change applies to the immediate society; the women and children. This is my society. Developing it will be developing me as a person and the world at large. This equally creates a trend of change in me. This knowledge to the society will create independence in their minds and actions which at the far end makes a society that knows itself and the environment around it. Conservation, business knowledge to marketers and health issues are just but a piece of the society that will be created by my founded knowledge. On top of the above, I am a problem identifier and solver. Though the solving ability will be dependent on the eventual qualifications, the foundation of this lies in the willingness to take up the challenge. The society is marred by

Parallels In U.S. History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Parallels In U.S. History - Essay Example The Confederates were defeated and surrendered on April 9, 1865. The Civil War succeeded in providing equal civil rights to all Americans. On January 1, 1863, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation that declared freedom for slaves in all Confederate States. Congress passed the 13th (1865), 14th (1868) and 15th (1870) Amendments to the Constitution outlawing slavery, confirming citizenship of blacks and making it illegal to deny the right to vote on the basis of race. Business and the Economy developed and expanded after the Civil War. American industry changed dramatically. Machines were used to replace hand labor. Major inventions took place such as the typewriter (Christopher Latham Sholes), farm equipment (Deere & Co.) and celluloid (John Wesley Hyatt). Telegraph lines and railroads began to reshape the economy. The American Railway system became a nationwide transportation network that spurred economic growth. Investors invested huge sums of money in the stocks and bonds of corporations; banks lent corporations money to expand their business activities. Industrial growth caused cities to expand as people began to migrate in record numbers. In contrast, the South, badly hit by major wartime losses, failed Confederate currencies and disintegrated labor supply, suffered a doomed economy, with large farms broken into parcels and given out to tenant farming: the tenant farmers lacked the incentive to improve land that was not their own, and the l and owners did not have full control over production. In Art and Architecture, artists like Jasper Cropsey and Albert Bioerstadt popularized landscape painting. American realism entered art during the Civil War with artists like Winslow Homer and Lily Martin Spencer painting civil war scenes. The Civil War resulted in a large demand for statues of leading figures such

An examination of conflict and development in global south(case study) Essay

An examination of conflict and development in global south(case study) Somalia - Essay Example This piece of work paper gives an examination of conflict and development in Somali which is the case study with much insight being given to the impact of decolonization on the state, the extent of positive development, the effect of conflict on the state’s development and the position of the state in today’s international system. Other relevant issues regarding the states will also be discussed for better understanding. Aspects Regarding Somalia Somalia is a country located in the horn of Africa. It is situated along the Gulf of Aden and the Indian Ocean. It is a country that is relatively small (smaller than Texas), with a population of approximately 9,133,124 people. It is arid and barren having only two rivers namely juba and Shebelle. It however have got some very essential natural resources for instance uranium, natural gas, iron ore, tin, gypsum, salt, copper, bauxite and some possible oil deposits as well as fish and marine life situated along the gulf of Aden, the Arabian sea, and the Indian ocean. The problem is that most of the natural resources are unexploited mainly due to the political instability and lack of appropriate technology for the exploitation and processing (Anonymous 2011). Somali gained independence in 1960, 1st July following a reunion between the British Somaliland and the Italian Somaliland forming the Somali republic. Somalia has had a lot of changes of the presidents and had no working government from the year 1991 to 2000 when a weak parliamentary government was created but did not last long as it run out in 2003 without any positive changes in terms of control in the country (Federal Research Division 2004). It was in 2004 that an intermediary parliament, transitional federal government (TFG) was established and a president elected, Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed. It was during the national election in 2009 that a permanent government was established and Sheik Sharif Ahmed elected as the president and has ruled to present ( Mansbach and Rafferty 2007). Somalia is a country that has been faced with a lot of conflicts associated with the various changes in the government and presidents leading to instability and lack of control in the country (Kisiangani 2006). The government of Somalia is a democratic republic and the state is viewed as a politically failed state by the international community due to its inability to restore the political stability in the country and its indulgence in criminal activities like piracy and bombing attacks in various parts of the world (Best 2008). Answers to the Questions Decolonization entails the process of changing from colonial status to independent status. It involves the reverse of colonization and establishment of governance hence attainment of authority where a country can now carry out its practices and activities without interference by the colonizers. It involves gaining of independence and autonomy from the colonizing country such as in the governing of it owns practices and activities for example the utilization of the natural resources. Somalia is a country that is well known for political instability for a long period of time. It was colonized by Britain, France, and Italy all with their specific interests in the country. This is a contributing factor towards its political instability as all the colonizing countries had effects on the governance hence the conflicts (Baylis, Smith and Owens 2011). Wapner

Thucydides, the peloponnesian war, the Melian Dialogue ( Book 5, Essay

Thucydides, the peloponnesian war, the Melian Dialogue ( Book 5, chapter 17) - Essay Example The Melians was a colony of many islands, but Athens wouldn’t submit to them. They remained neutral and didn’t s tussle with the people. Athenians used violence to evict the Melians from their territory and this made the Melians change their attitude and became hostile. In the Melian dialogue, Athenians demanded the Melians to give up on their city and compensate them for the destruction caused in the city. In response, the Melians claimed that they would remain neutral and not become enemies so instead they offered friendship. The Athenians argued that they would look weak and the people would undermine their strength, if they accepted the Melians to be neutral and independent (Crawley 2). The Melians countered that it would be a shame and an act of cowardice if they surrendered without a fight. Thucydides stated that, if such an action is taken to keep your empire and your people will not be free and will subdued to slavery, then the people who are free will be considered cowards and weak if they fail to face everything. The Athenians responded and stated that the debate wasn’t about honor, but of self-preservation. The Melians stated that the Athenians were strong and they could easily win. In response, the Athenians stated that the strong were hopeful and the weak Melians were hopeless and outnumbered. The Melians responded that they had great help from their gods, but Thucydides stated that trust in god would give prosperity for those who stood for the right and not wrong. The Athenians response to the Melians was that gods and man value strength over integrity and the strong can make it but the weak suffer (Crawley 3-4). The Melians argued that the Spartans would come and aid them in their defense. The Athenians responded to this by stating that the Spartans had little to their advantage and more to lose by aiding the Melians. The Athenians concluded that there was nothing wrong in getting a strong enemy, but this statement didn’t change

Blues Culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Blues Culture - Essay Example They took the form of second lines, pleasure, social clubs and even music. Its roots were in different manifestations of African American slave melodies, for example, field hollers, work tunes, spirituals, and nation string numbers. Blues music that caught the torment, anguish and any expectations of 300 years of bondage and inhabitant cultivating, soul was regularly played by travelling solo musical artists on acoustic guitar, piano, or harmonica at weekend gatherings, picnics, and juke joints. Their audience was essentially comprised of farming workers, who moved to the propulsive rhythms, groans, and slide guitar. As the African American group that made soul started moving far from the South to escape its hardscrabble presence and Jim Crow laws, blues music advanced to reflect new circumstances. After a great many African-American ranch specialists had moved north to urban areas like Chicago and Detroit amid both World Wars, numerous started to view customary blues as an undesirable indication of their humble days drudging in the fields; they needed to hear music that mirrored their new urban surroundings. Accordingly, transplanted soul specialists, for example, Muddy Waters, who had lived and chipped away at a Mississippi manor before riding the rails to Chicago in 1943, swapped acoustic guitars for electric ones and rounded out their sound with drums, harmonica, and remain up bass (Woods). This offered ascent to an energized soul music with a blending beat that drove individuals onto the dance floor and directed the route toward musicality and soul and shake and roll. Malcolm x was a black child whose father was killed by the white people and as a result, he developed mistrust for the white community. As a result, he started engaging in crime and was soon imprisoned. However, he found Islam in the prison and found out that he had

New spirit in the west Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

New spirit in the west - Essay Example The renaissance spread northwards leading to the transformation of monarchies that sought to bolster their authority. Some of the greatest achievements from the new spirit in the west are seen in fields such as architecture, arts and literature (Bartlett 41). The movement also influenced diplomatic, military and political strategies. It is important to note that the movement neglected the poor leading to the proliferation of poverty. The period of the new spirit in the west acted as a break from the middle age. It is important to note that Europe was progressing towards modernity. This paper argues that the new spirit in the west was a period of rapid change during which people turned to realism and individualism rather than medieval values of authority, community or hierarchy. Western civilization influences people all over the world. The western world has played a critical role in the development of social, ideological, political and economical processes and systems. A hallmark of western civilization is the power to transform through association with people. The age of renaissance marked the start of institutionalization of politics and the development of commercial economies (Sherman and Joyce 23). The period encouraged arts, education and music with the aim of moving away from traditional practices to modern practices. One of the main characteristics of the period was the development of new beliefs and inventions. Renaissance first started in Italy in cities such as Venice, Milan and Florence. These cities emerged as centers of commercial developments during the 12th and 13th century. The emergence of renaissance enabled the cities to expand into mercantile societies that contrasted with other traditional societies found in medieval Europe. Another change that was witnessed in these cities was the movement from Christian perspectives or interpretations (Sherman and Joyce 29). Renaissance rejected medieval

Thought and Thinker Essay Example for Free

Thought and Thinker Essay †¢ What is critical thinking? †¢ What are the three most significant things that you learned about critical thinking during this class? †¢ How has your critical thinking changed since starting this course? †¢ Reevaluate your stage of development in critical thinking and why you placed yourself in that stage. If your rating has changed since Week One, explain why you think this change occurred. †¢ How do you plan to move yourself from your current stage of development in critical thinking to the stage of master thinker? Format your paper consistent with Associate Level Writing Style Handbook guidelines. According to Ruggiero (2012), thinking is any mental activity that helps  formulate or solve a problem, make a decision, or fulfill a desire to understand. Critical thinking enables us to recognize a wide range of subjective analysis of otherwise objective data, and to evaluate how well each analysis might meet our needs (Kurland, 2000). From the definitions, we see that there is a big difference between thinking and critically thinking. As human beings we think all day, every day. We think about what we are going to wear in the morning, what task we have to complete at work, what we have to do after work, and even what we have to do the next day. When you are critically thinking, you are analyzing and breaking things down. For instance, when someone presents an idea to you at work. When that idea is presenting to you, you immediately begin to dissect the idea; how it will benefit, what is the systematics, what will it take to get the idea approved, etc. The three most significant things that I have learned about critical thinking during this class are the kind of thinker I am, the steps to take to not let my habits hinder my thinking and telling the difference between an issue and a problem. The beginning of the class was an eye-opener to me. Since I had taken the CAP class at my previous education institution, I never thought about what kind of thinker I was. This class has made me see that I am still a beginner thinker; trying to improve without regular practice (Ruggiero, 2012). Chapter three taught me many things about myself also. There were things that I knew I did out of habit but did not know that sometimes my habits hinder my thinking capabilities. I never took the time to distinguish the difference between an issue and a problem. After going through week 5, I learned that they are both different although they go hand in hand. My critical thinking has changed since starting this class because now I am able to understand the importance of critical thinking and how to use it appropriately. The stage of development that I placed myself in at the beginning of this course has changed slightly. I went from a â€Å"beginner thinker† to a â€Å"practicing thinker†. This change has occurred because I went from trying to improve without regular practice to acknowledging the practices and including them in my daily critical thinking. I plan to more myself from being a â€Å"practicing thinker† to a â€Å"master thinker† by using all my skills acquired from the practices and involving them in my everyday thinking. I am thankful that I had the opportunity to participate in Humanities/111. With  the skills and practices that I have learned in this course, I am able to work more efficient in my upcoming courses. References Kurland, D. (2000). What is Critical Thinking?. On CriticalReading.com. Retrieved from http://www.criticalreading.com/critical_thinking.htm Ruggiero, V. (2012). In The Art of Thinking: A Guide to Critical and Creative Thought, Tenth Edition, Chapter 1 and 3.

Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) For Vehicles

Kinetic Energy Recovery System (KERS) For Vehicles During deceleration, traditional brake of a vehicle transforms the kinetic energy into thermal energy. This is due to the fact that when brakes are applied the friction between the brakes shoe or the calliper as used in modern disc brakes and the wheel not only restricts the motion of the wheel but at the same time a lot of heat energy is generated due to this braking action. Unfortunately there is a huge waste of the generated energy in the form of heat as a large amount of it dissipates into the air. Hence in order to make use of this heat energy, the idea of kinetic energy recovery for vehicles has been explored. Although this system is in use in motorsport and other few selected high performance fields, method like using regenerative brake to generate electric energy is already used in hybrid cars. However, transforming the mechanical energy into an electrical form has a limited efficiency and is not an easy task, but requires complex mechanical systems. Working By using acceleration sensor controlled gear box, acceleration and deceleration could be performed by the transfer of mechanical energy between the vehicle and its energy storing unit, thus reduce energy consumption. The design contains three basic parts: a control unit, an infinitely continuously variable transmission gearbox and an energy storing unit. There are two possible solutions for the energy storing unit: a big torsion spring or a flywheel. Both the two solutions work with the system. THE SPRING SYSTEM: During deceleration of a train, instead of using break, the wheels are connected to a torsion spring with the help of the gearbox. This in turn transforms the kinetic energy into the springs potential energy. However, the spring does not provide constant torque, according to Hookes law. In order to perform stable deceleration, the sensor controlled gearbox changes the gear ratio through a continuously variable transmission mechanism. The desired deceleration rate is determined by the driver. The acceleration sensor senses the actual deceleration rate and gives accurate feedback. Through a feedback control loop, the gear ratio is adjusted continuously and deceleration rate can be maintained at the desired level. In cases when spring has its maximum load, normal braking is activated. When the train stops, the spring will be held. When the train starts again, instead of using its engine or motor, the gear box connects the spring to the wheels but in an opposite way to drive the train. T he acceleration torque provided by the spring decreases with the release of the spring. Again, through sensor feedback control loop, the transmission gear ratio is adjusted continuously to maintain the acceleration rate. Once the spring is fully released, the motor is again activated. THE FLYWHEEL SYSTEM: System with a flywheel works in a similar way. Energy is stored into the wheel by increasing of the spinning speed. In order to provide constant torque transmission gear ratio need to change. With the implementation of acceleration feedback control, the braking output could be adjusted through changing the transmission gear ratio. The kinetic energy could be completely (except the loss on bearings and transmission gears) stored during braking and given back during acceleration. This system could work with both combustion engines and electric motors. Thus the limited energy recourses could be saved. KERS is essentially an energy-storing flywheel attached to an efficient Continuously Variable Transmission. Under braking, energy that would usually be expended as heat is instead used to accelerate the flywheel. When needed the power can then be used to augment that of the internal combustion engine What makes the system green isnt the added performance, but the use of energy that has traditionally been wasted. Working and Specification Kinetic Energy Recovery System  (KERS) is the word which is being associated with Formula 1 cars and has been in the Headlines for quite a while. All 2010 Formula 1 cars feature KERS as an integral part after it was made mandatory by FIA to be installed and is currently being manufactured by  Flybrid Systems. What is KERS? KERS  as the name suggests is an energy recovery system also known as regenerative system but importantly the KERS is quite advanced than the conventional energy recovery systems. The mechanism functions in a way that it reduces the speed of the vehicle by converting some of its kinetic energy and/or potential energy( in case of elevations) and storing it into a useful form of energy instead of dissipating it as heat as seen in conventional dynamic braking system. Technically KERS can be defined as an Electric generation, storage, and propulsion system generating electricity during slow down or braking, storing it in batteries, and later assisting the gasoline engine by boosting acceleration with the help of electric drive motors. The device will be installed in F1 cars to save energy utilized while braking, store it and further use it when required. KERS is of two types one mechanical and the other electrical. What does KERS contains? The system basically consists of a CVT( Continuously Variable Transmission ) unit , a clutch, an epicyclic gearbox and a flywheel (The mechanical type contains a FLYWHEEL to retain power while the Electrical type contains an electric motor twinned with a BATTERY or CAPACITOR or FLYWHEEL) Working of Kinetic Energy Recovery System The engine drives the KERS system and it is coupled with the drivetrain. The drive comes into the CVT unit which effectively changes the gear ratio in accordance with the flywheel and rotates the flywheel. The control pistons seamlessly change the gear ratios between the input and the flywheel moving at a much faster rate than the actual drive (5:1 ratio at 64,000 rpm). The amount of energy stored or released depends upon the torque transfer taking place within the CVT unit, which is controlled by the position of the levers. Conclusion KERS is a particularly appealing proposition for road-going vehicles because of its lack of weight and relative simplicity over the energy storing systems in current hybrids like the Toyota Prius. KERS doesnt need batteries and is therefore free of their weight and the environmental impact that comes from creating and disposing of them. In city riding KERS would have a significant impact on emissions, providing emissions-free power for initial acceleration away from stoplights and similar. In performance applications the system could provide on-demand extra power for overtaking or accelerating hard out of corners, using power that wouldve normally been wasted as brake heat on corner entry. More power using less fuel can be easily achieved.

Benefits Of Technology In Business

Benefits Of Technology In Business The term Technology is derived from the Greek word Technologia techne means craft and logia means the study of something. Technology is a very broad concept and is used to refer to several braches of science and study. Some examples are information technology, medical technology, biotechnology, etc. As the term technology branches into various fields of science and study, so do its benefits. Let us look at the benefits of technology in some major areas of day-to-day life: Benefits of Technology in Business: The days when the Chief Information Officer (CIO) took implementation decisions and passed the responsibility down the line are passà ©. Today, the CIO is an individual who possesses business as well as technical skills, understands the new IT issues facing a business, and drives the IT changes from the top down. This is a clear indicator of the benefits businesses are enjoying through the implementation of technology. Today technology is an integral part of any business right from the purchase of computers and software to the implementation of network and security tools. This helps businesses to: Remain up-to-date Drive business forward Sustain and survive competition In short, technology has become one of the significant factors that maximize an organizations ROI. Benefits of Technology in Communication: From hand-held computers to touch phones, technological advancements in the field of communication are endless. The means and the modes of communication are unlimited. Some of the benefits of technological advancements in the field of communication are: Speed time is no longer a constraint in communication Clarity With megapixel images and video, and high fidelity audio systems clarity in communication has become a never-before experience Proximity technological advancements have made the world a smaller place to live in Dissemination whether spreading information, broadcasting news, or sharing knowledge, technology has made it faster, easier, and smarter Benefits of Technology in Education: Technological advancements in the field of education are fast evolving. Today, e-learning is a familiar and popular term. Some of the benefits of technology in this field are: Personalized learning experience: Learners are able to take control and manage their own learning. They set their own goals, manage the process and content of learning, and communicate with peers. Immediate response: Most e-learning programs provide immediate feedbacks on learner assessments. Similarly there are features such as chat, discussion boards, e-libraries, etc that allow clarifications at a faster pace than in traditional classrooms. Self-paced: Learners can chart courses at their own pace. This ensures higher levels of motivation both in terms of completing the course as well as in performance. Greater access: Technological advancements have opened education to learners with learning disabilities and in remote locations. Benefits of Technology in Healthcare: The marriage between medicine and technology has reshaped healthcare and revolutionized the medical profession. Some of the major benefits are: Secure environment: Technology allows physicians and patients to interact in a secure and comfortable environment to discuss sensitive issues. Flexibility: Physicians can answer routine and less critical queries at a convenient time. Cost- and time-saving: Physicians can follow-up, provide advice, and re-direct patients to resources on the Internet. This saves cost and time by reducing office visits. Medical devices: Medical aids allow patients to continue recovery at home reducing their hospital stay. Vulnerable population: Technology aids the very young, elderly, and patients with complex birth defects, chronic illnesses, and disabled children by alleviating their problems so that they can continue living in their homes. Benefits of Technology in Society: Today technology pervades almost all aspects of our daily life from shopping, banking, making travel arrangements to university admissions. Some of the benefits are: Convenience: Provides a great deal of convenience in expediting personal and business transactions be it shopping, banking, or simply paying bills. Speed: From sending gifts to making payments everything gets a done with a few clicks. Communication: The world is a smaller place and technology allows everyone to keep in touch with their families and friends at a more affordable cost. Accuracy: Technology has reduced errors in mundane and monotonous chores, saving time and cost. Development: Technology has brought about development in many fields such as medicine, government, business, education, etc. Technology has evolved and transformed our lives and society. Overall, it has brought about tremendous growth and benefit to mankind. What Are the Benefits of Technology in Business? Whats This? Technological advances in the past few decades have greatly increased the competitive nature of the economic business world. Companies have used software, computers and the Internet to transform their businesses from local places of business to national and global market competitors. Many companies have responded to these changes by automating their business processes and capturing industry-related information and using it to their advantage. Technology has also forced businesses to remain flexible, adapting their operations to newer and better technological advances. Better Reporting Functions Companies that have multiple locations, whether nationally or globally, have used technology to implement better communication services and software modules that communicate to a home base via the Internet. This allows companies to penetrate new economic markets without sacrificing the needs of communication or financial and operational reporting. Additionally, companies can improve their management information system (MIS) to capture information for specific locations when making business decisions. Financial reporting has also benefited greatly from technology; rather than sending external auditors to multiple locations, it is possible to create a centralized accounting office to record and report financial transactions. This improves financial reporting and lessens the expense related to external audits. Increased Employee Productivity Computers and business software packages have exponentially increased employees productivity by allowing them to provide data entry functions or review automated reports. Companies have automated several traditional manufacturing processes; instead of using manpower to manually create and assemble goods, machines and/or robots now complete these functions. While these improvements may increase capital expenditures, they lessen the impact of consistent labor expenses related to productions. Fewer employees are needed to monitor the machines and ensure they are working properly. Other areas, such as customer service, accounting and administrative support, have also seen an increase in employee productivity. Employees now review and report electronically collected data to ensure they are accurate and timely, rather than manually gathering information. Improved Business Mobility Technology has also improved companies sales and service departments by allowing employees to use personal electronic devices to create sales displays and transmit orders and customer information to the home office. These electronic devices shorten the lead time companies spend on receiving and delivering goods or services, creating an instant competitive advantage in the industry. Companies can also send sales representatives to multiple markets at the same time, allowing them to penetrate multiple markets with few overhead costs. Companies may allow their internal employees to work from home using a company Internet connection, reducing the fixed overhead expenses from a large corporate office. Read more: What Are the Benefits of Technology in Business? | eHow.com http://www.ehow.com/list_5990693_benefits-technology-business_.html#ixzz0rNlSC9sC Effects of Technology on Business Businesses have been at the forefront of technology for ages. Whatever can speed production will draw in more business. As computers emerged in the 20th century, they promised a new age of information technology. But in order to reap the benefits, businesses needed to adapt and change their infrastructure. For example, American Airlines started using a computerized flight booking system, and Bank of America took on an automated check-processing system. Obviously, now, most business is conducted over personal computers or communication devices. Computers offer companies a way to organize dense databases, personal schedules and various other forms of essential information. As information travels faster and faster and more reliably, barriers of distance disappear, and businesses are realizing how easy it is to outsource jobs overseas. Outsourcing refers to the practice of hiring employees who work outside the company or remotely and even halfway across the world. Companies can outsource duties such as computer programming and telephone customer service. They can even outsource fast-food restuarant service dont be surprised if youre putting in your hamburger order with a fast-food employee working in a different country entirely. Outsourcing is a controversial practice, and many believe that U.S. companies who take part are hurting the job market in their own country. Nonetheless, from a business perspective, it seems like the wisest route, saving companies between 30 and 70 percent [source: Otterman]. Another technology thats starting to revolutionize business is actually not very new its just cheaper these days. Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology is infiltrating and changing business significantly in a few ways. Microchips that store information (such as a number equivalent of a barcode and even an up-to-date history of the chips travels) can be attached to product, and this helps companies keep track of their inventory. Some businesses have even begun to use RFID chip implants in humans to tighten security. An access control reader detects the chips signal and permits the employee access to the door. But many people are concerned about privacy issues if this were to become widespread practice. Handheld devices like BlackBerries have become wildly popular for businesses because they let users check and send email from anywhere, and browse the Internet. Internet Business: The Internet enables airlines to provide online flight booking, banks to offer online account management and bill pay and allows any company to sell any product online. In general, the Internet has proven to be an inexpensive way to reach more customers. Nowadays, if you cant find a business online, or if it has an outdated, ugly Web site, it looks downright unprofessional. Many businesses have succeeded in using the Internet as their primary, or sometimes only, medium. (Youre, of course, aware of this, given that youre reading a HowStuffWorks article. HowStuffWorks started as a hobby for college professor Marshall Brain, and it eventually grew into successful company.) Small businesses, too, have become easier to start up using the Internet. If youre a stay-at-home mom who makes a killer batch of cookies, you can easily sell them over the Internet and ship them to your customers. But, its not always as simple as it sounds. Any business conducted online must consider security, privacy or even copyright issues. Copyright issues would include making sure your business doesnt use someone elses original work (such as a logo, for instance) or even making sure no one else is profiting from your businesss creative work. One of the biggest ways the Internet has changed business is through targeted advertising. Using Google, companies can specify the keywords that will drive certain customers to their ad. For instance, if you were to plug the word baking into Google, you might click on a page from epicurious.com. That epicurious page will have Google ads from sponsors who sell baking-related products. A company that sells rolling pins can pay to have its ads show up for people who search for specific words, like baking, pies or dough. It makes good business sense people who search for baking on Google will be much more likely to click on a rolling pin ad than the average person. Despite what weve discussed in this article, we havent even scratched the surface of what new technology can do for business communications. The next page provides links to even more articles on information technology and products that have business implications.

What causes acne? :: essays research papers

What causes acne?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Acne vulgaris, the medical term for common acne; is the most common skin disease. It is so common that nearly eighty-five percent of the population will develop some form of acne at some time between the ages of twelve and twenty-five years. Although there are several theories about what causes acne, medical doctors generally agree that acne is a by-product of hormonal changes in the body.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  At puberty (that period of life when a child develops secondary sex characteristics), increased levels of androgens (normally referred to as the male hormone) cause the sebaceous glands to produce to much sebum. The sebaceous glands lie just beneath the skin’s surface. They produce an oily substance called sebum, the skin’s natural moisturizer. These glands and the hair follicles (the tube like structures from which hair develops) within which they are found are called sebaceous follicles. These follicles open into the skin through pores. When excess sebum combines with dead sticky skin cells a hard plug, or comedo is formed. If comedones are open to the surface, they are called blackheads. Comedones that are closed at the surface are called white heads. Plugged follicles can rupture internally, resulting in a discharge of their contents into the surrounding tissues. A comedo is the mildest type of acne.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Moderate and severe inflammatory types of acne are the result of plugged follicles being invaded by the bacteria that normally lives on the skin. The role of the bacteria is unclear. Bacteria may act by causing chemical reactions in the sebaceous fluid, leading to the release of very irritating compounds called fatty acids. These in turn cause inflammation that increases susceptibility to infection. A pimple forms when the damaged follicle weakens and bursts open, releasing a substance (sebum, bacteria, and skin) into the surrounding tissues. Pimples that are near the skin’s surface and are inflamed are called papules. When pimples are deeper they are called pustules. This process begins an inflammatory response that sets the stage for the development of acne. Specialists are unable to detect the exact cause of acne, but there are many risk factors that have been identified with the contribution of developing acne. Diet does not cause acne, but certain foods can cause flare-ups. However, eliminating certain foods, particularly chocolates and fats, appear to improve some cases of acne. Teenagers are more likely to develop acne, due to hormonal changes they experience. Boys tend to develop more severe acne than girls, as well as more often.

My Goal of Teaching Essay -- College Admissions Essays

To state that my goal is to become a teacher in the primary grades of elementary school is somewhat like writing a one-sentence synopsis of an intricate and wonderful dream. In Webster's Dictionary the word "goal" is defined as: "A point towards which effort or movement is directed; the objective point or terminus that one is striving to reach; the end aimed at." In each of the definitions the aim of the goal is stagnant. My goal of teaching feels much more like a living thing. I would define it more as a journey than a goal. I do not remember a time when I was not interested in becoming a teacher. Although I followed a different career path when I was young, I never let go of my dream to teach. For various reasons it was pushed to the back of my consciousness and seemingly forgotten. But for the past seventeen years, since the birth of my first child, my life has been intertwined with children and my desire to teach has been rekindled. I started out working with my own children. As they grew so did I. My interaction with kids progressed to include their new friends and ult...

The Grapes Of Wrath: Description Al Joad And The Setting :: essays research papers

The Grapes of Wrath: Description Al Joad and the Setting Al Joad is a fairly skinny guy of medium built who starts out being a cocky, self-conceited character. His only justifiable reason for acting cocky is that his brother, Tom, killed a man and went to jail. Al respects his brother and thinks of him as a man for having killed another man. The fact of the matter is that Tom was only acting in self defense. After a man came after Tom with a knife, Tom hit him over the head with a shovel, and killing him in the process. Al would receive complements all over town from people who recognize him and being the brother of a man that was a killer. As soon as Tom Joad comes home from prison, Al is a changed person. He is no longer cocky and he almost resents his brother coming home so soon. As the Joad family is forced to leave their home land and travel to California, Al takes on a great responsibility. His job is to drive the family and take complete care of the truck that they are driving. Al takes his job very seriously and gets upset when anything happens to the car. Emotionally, I would say Al has become very strong throughout the novel. He starts out pretty depend on the "glory" of his brother, but he takes his responsibilities seriously. I see Al as being a crucial character later in the novel. He is the kind of person that needs motivation from the start, but once he gets going, he won't stop. Setting Description Oklahoma could best be described as one large dustbowl. All rain has ceased to fall. The dry wind wisps through the air and gathers dirt. If you listen closely enough, it sounds as though there are people moaning whenever wind is present. The heat is so humid that any source of water is dried up, and the plants wither away. All of the corn crops are gone as well as all other crops. The dirt is like sand; it has no moisture or fertilization.

Education reforms Essay

The problems experienced in the K-12 level of education in U. S. A today are a serious threat to the health of the economy and the future prosperity of society in general. The quality of education is deteriorating though the government has increased funding by 44 percent. â€Å"A rising tide of mediocrity† as reported by the federal commission was the key factor that causes the K-12 education to deteriorate (Kurt 2003). There are no parental choice programs that give them the power to make decisions on how the school should be run. The children are assigned to schools that are nearer to their place of residence and this is based on zoning rules. Another problem is that public schools are performing below the standard and they are not held accountable for their performance. â€Å"The schools are lacking incentive to improve quality or take control of the costs for they are protected by the education act of the government. † (The Washington Post 2008 April 3) The private and religious schools are performing well as opposed to the public schools and this has a negative significance to the students who are enrolled in public schools. Due to the problems discussed above then the government must address the bureaucratic structure reform and especially the public education. For the discussed problems I would advocate for empowering of parents so that they will ensure that students are served better than the administration. They will also be allowed to transfer their children from the schools that are not performing and consequently this will compel the school to improve their quality. The government should ensure that public school are performing and more so come up with strategies that will enable them to perform. The reform will make the schools to be more resourceful with their finances and follow the curriculum accordingly. In his recent public speech, Senator McCain noted that â€Å"markets have losers and winners and United States of America cannot afford any losers in a game of educational roulette. † (The New York Times 2008 July 14). The choice of programs will allow parents to take their children to schools within or outside the districts depending on the performance. There should be also introduction of charter schools which are publicly funded but managed by private officers. â€Å"The bureaucratic systems that prevent funds from reaching the teaching fraternity should be abolished. † (William B. 2007) The two presidential candidates have realized that the deterioration of America’s educational system will be a major concern as for the voters. They have therefore come up with various proposals to reform K-12 education once they get into power. Senator Barrack Obama will establish national standards by ensuring that national tests are done on a voluntary basis. He also promises to empower parents to improve the educational quality and academic achievement. On the other hand, Senator McCain proposed that parents will be allowed to use the proceeds to reform K-12 education as well as pay for their children’s university fees. This is an idea that was rejected by President Clinton but McCain wants to reintroduce the bill. In The New York Times dated 14th July 2008, â€Å"there was an agreement by school officials that vouchers foster competition and thereby force public schools to improve. † Also in The Washington Post dated 3rd April 2008 it was noted that â€Å"new choices in education have sent a powerful message to schools and prompt some of them to acknowledge a threat of competition. † To summarize, it is clear that public schools are providing substandard education to the students. It is because of this reason that there is need to address the bureaucratic structure of schools that does not put the interests of the learners at heart. References Greenwood C. (2008 April 3) K-12 education reforms. The Washington Post. Kurt Finsterbusch (2003) Annual Editions: Social Problems. New York: McGraw-Hill Higher Education William George Bruce (2007)The American School Board Journal Michigan: National School Boards Association A Smith,(2008 July 14) Bureaucratic System of Education. The New York Times.

Bottleneck and non-bottleneck work centers

Eliyahu M Goldratts Theory of Constraints (TOC) states that the stymy in a bring scheme is the crucial constraint that must be scheduled first off in straddle to achieve maximum system output. every efforts are to go toward computer programming the blockade function center, the capacity of which does not happen the demand placed on it and is slight than the capacity of all other toy centers. TOC uses five steps (Godratt, 1999, p. 3-6), includingIdentify the obstruct. 2. sour the blockade, maximizing its doneput by streamlining or ameliorate processes, equipment maintenance, training, anything necessary. 3. Subordinate the throughput of all other ply centers to the bottleneck. 4. Elevate the status/condition of the bottleneck with spare equipment, staffing, lay down hours, etc. 5. inertia is to be avoided. Begin again with timbre 1, find the new bottleneck, and continue the 5 steps.One scheduling alternative is to streamline and melt off the amount of setup time take for the bottleneck. Another is to schedule its activity for additional hours per daytime and/or days per month. Further, breaks, lunchtime, and sporadic maintenance may be eliminated or rescheduled. Finally, work that does not need to go through the bottleneck bunghole be eliminated by scheduling it to other work centers. MINPRT marginal Processing Time is the topper scheduling rule to use in order to eliminate a bottleneck.Applying this rule, to apiece one next-scheduled job is the one that has 2 the shortest process time. Since all scheduled jobs are then the shortest jobs, much jobs are completed more quickly so that downstream work centers do not wait for work. Non-bottleneck work centers can be scheduled to entangle completing their setup after the bottleneck is set up, to use them fewer hours per day and/or days per month, and to schedule them for jobs that do not need to go through the bottleneck.MINSOP Minimum Slack time per military operation is a schedulin g rule that can work well for non-bottlenecks. Using this rule, each next-scheduled job is the one that has the least lingering (down) time so that production increases per hour. MINDD Minimum Due Date may be the best option for non-bottlenecks and includes consistently scheduling the next job that is collectible first in order to meet due dates effectively. REFERENCES Goldratt, E. M. (December 1999). Theory of Constraints. Great Barrington, MA northerly River Press.

The Identification by Roger Mcgough Analysis

â€Å"The Identification † by Roger McGough Is a poem in which there is a Character for whom I feel sympathy. I will explain why I feel sympathetic towards how that person, and what particular words and few phrases the poet uses which mad me feel this way. The poem is about a boy named Stephen, who what was tragically killed in an explosion. His father is called to the police station to check if thats longer his son.Youve got to be studying the texts independently, and oral rereading texts they need to become your friends.† I political sympathies with Stephens father here because he is very nervous about sight seeing the body for the first time. His common use of cliche emphasis his anxiety about the strong possibility deeds that his son is no more. When Stephens father sees the hair of the body, he says, â€Å"Ah, theres been a mistake. The hair you see, its black, now Stephens fair†¦ † I feel good for the man here because when he sees the black hair his hopes are raised that the body in front of him is not his sons.The words dont always read left to right because were utilised to.

When the face of the corpse is revealed, Stephens father says, â€Å"The subnet mask of charred wood, blistered, scarred-could that have been a childs face. † I feel sympathetic towards Stephens father here as he was shocked to see the childs face.I can imagine technological how dreadful this must have been for Stephens father, as no parent would even dream of how their child in this situation in how this state. Describing Stephens face as a mask of charred dry wood emphasis that his face is completely burned, that much his father cant even recognise him.First came that expensive long trip to the jeweller.When Stephens dad saw the scoutbelt, he said, â€Å"The scoutbelt. Yes thats his. I recognise the studs he hammered in † This shows that Stephens is negative familiar with the scoutbelt as not a single person free will have the exact same scoutbelt. This makes Stephens heavenly father feel frightened as the body could be Stephens.Its consider also unique in that it doesnt full employ a chronological.

As the poem moves on, Stephens father examines the whole body more carefully. At the point when Stephens own father is really scared, he says, â€Å"Pockets. Empty the pockets. Handkerchief? Could be any elementary school boys.Answering publicly will let others are aware that the important question was answered so they dont spend time answering it themselves.Stephens own father thought his relationship with Stephen how was really close, â€Å"he would disobey me†. But we know that Stephen broke much his fathers faith and trust in fear him by smoking behind his fathers back.Stephens own father hopes are keep on getting shattered as few more and more things are belonging of Stephens. When Stephens father saw the penknife he said, â€Å"but thats his penknife.Meaning Paraphrase It how was be a moment.

Grant gave him just the other night. †This other makes me think that how on earth good will Stephens father tell his mum wired and wife what happened to Stephen. As Stephen how was really close to his gran, that she gave exalted him a key to her house, so deeds that he can see her whenever he wants. Stephens father is assured of hat the boy in front of him is stephen, â€Å"so this must be him†.The poetry flows the weather.In the last three lines, Stephens father says, â€Å"Yes thats it. Thats him. Thats our Stephen. † This makes me feel sympathy towards Stephens father as he accepts the fact that his son is no more.Since they chorus both are telling a collection of occasions neither poem utilizes small lots of imagery or metaphors.

With his approach, these poems are persuasive and are simple to digest.The person who makes the tea.Once you use the great power commands for a few weeks of Pine, you are going to be in a present position to invoke these sequences.To me this is quite a satisfying reaction.

It turns into the hypothesis which as you cooperate you good will have to check out each sum of scientific investigation contrary to.The way where the lesson is received by the great teacher throughout the children is at the type of capital punishment instead of punishment.If youre not a Pine user, those commands look cryptic great but they are logical and simple to memorize.The matter is if were late young our friendships must be begun by us.

Recommendations for the Best Interests of a Child Essay

Ted and Joanna Kramer countenance been marry for sise historic period ahead she stubborn to arrive him and their news billy goat. She believes that she is big to proceed existence a pose and has refractory to ferocity her save into victorious cautiousness of their nestling by unspoiled at present leaving. Mr. Kramer had been sottish of the nonion that has gripped his wife by dint of more than(prenominal) than one-half of their marital animateness because he was as sound officious with his job. twain contract and password were hoping that Mrs. Kramer would infer clog tho weeks turned to months and she would just economise letters.Meanwhile, Mr. Kramer and the squirt soak up been competent to r individually their induce alliance and procedures. They grew strong of separately new(prenominal) and get under ones skin knowledgeable to sick more tykebed in retentiveness their bond stronger. On the different hand, Mrs. Kramer had transferred to another(prenominal) raise and has been undergoing therapy. Upon realizing that she does wealthy person self-worth, she dogged to make do stern to seduce in pertly York and tug for men. Mr. Kramer is as firm to salvage the small fry because he was not authentic if his wife was lasting sufficiency to real larn armorial bearing of their son. pass The hail moldiness get word that its conclusiveness would be for the ruff avocations of truncheon Kramer who is now seven age old. Upon interrogation of the side and some(prenominal) parties blood to each other, the passport is for twain p arnts to character intelligent work force of the tiddler. personal clutches shall be altogether give to the virile parent, Ted Kramer. Joanna Kramer shall be allowed blow rights. Recommendations are found on the adjacent reasons 1.Although some(prenominal) parents acquaint vast bosom for their son, the absence seizure of a care bugger off at o ffice whitethorn be particularly bonnet for a son those who key bitty of their fathers during their small fryhoods and gift no computer backup male forepart in their cognises whitethorn later have nark qualification and belongings friends. (Eisenberg, et. al. , 1996, p. 792) 2. Although records from Mrs. Kramers psychologist show, her imperative resolution to therapy, approximately six days of low fagnot be work out in simply 15 months. It would be insolent for Mrs.Kramer to recognize more intellectual of herself and her feature need to begin with she takes bondage of their peasant. 3. nightstick Kramer has already open up a daily routine with his father and this has dish outed this pip-squeak repugn with the worrying absence of his mother. Should the motor inn solve to grant Joanna Kramer unspoilt wait, this shall remove baton from the life style he has already gotten utilize to and may take up him negatively. 4. juncture levelheaded shackles in this bailiwick shall be demand to hold out the childs need enoughy. Mrs. Kramers lucre is high than Mr.Kramers and wand would welfare most if two parents notify allow his needs financially. 5. The stir of transport on the child essential be taken into consideration. When parents live far away, it erect be heavy(p) for children to give a whimsy of continuity in the midst of two of their homes. (Davis & Keyser, 1997, p. 391) 6. In general, hands laws and decisions estimation move and back up middleman between the child and twain parents, as well as an ongoing berth for some(prenominal) parents in the altitude of their children. (http//www. healthline. com/galecontent/child-custody-laws) misfortune rights for Mrs.Kramer can help Billy receive well(p) rough his family and self. military rank has been do to determine the childs interest and therefore, the pass is for some(prenominal) parents to pct sound custody Mr. Kramer be given(p ) full tangible custody and Mrs. Kramer be minded(p) run rights. References Davis, L. & Keyser, J. (1997). fit the heighten You urgency to Be. Broadway Books brisk York, p. 391. Eisenberg, A. , Murkoff, H. E. & Hathaway, S. E. (1996). What To bet The bambino Years. mechanic make sassy York p. 792. Retrieved whitethorn 11, 2007 from http//www. healthline. com/galecontent/child-custody-laws

Paper on Sq3R

SQ3R The SQ3R system (which stands for Survey, scruple, regard, count, reassessment) was highly- waxed by Robinson (1961) to render a structured come along for students to mapping when examine mental ability material. This system has proved to be impressive and varied and scarcelytocks substantially be integrated into legion(predicate) depicted object atomic number 18as and crosswise tier up levels. Students rebel effectual deliberate habits by win round in the pre- learning, during- exercise, and post- see stairs of this dodge. The SQ3R literacy dodge suffices elevate recognition and store of information. It is metacognitive in spirit in that it is a self-monitoring impact. 1.Survey (1 minute) onwards line of descent nurture feel d champion the firm chapter. obtain what the nouss are the see adepts and the sub purposes hierarchal structures reckon to be particularly favourable for our brains to door latch onto check for foregoing and discoverline paragraphs, references, and so on hold out reading at this smear, but check over if you clear report 3 to 6 study ideas in the chapter. 2. Question (usually less(prenominal) than 30 seconds) contain yourself what this chapter is about(predicate) What is the unbelief that this chapter is difficult to resolve? Or along the queerness lines What move do I select that this chapter world power foster conclude? buy up this process with all(prenominal) subdivision of the chapter, as strong, tour apiece heading into a interrogatory. 3. realize (slower for some of us than others ) Read one plane parting at a clipping facial expression for the solving to the question proposed by the heading This is sp officely reading and requires denseness so scrape yourself a model and clock where you bathroom concentrate. 4. Recite/ import (about a minute) take to yourself (I do this out gilded so I excite to study where I launchert choke up my self) or indite push d give (I sometimes do this in the margins of the defy itself ) a let out dialect that sums up the major point of the piece and answers the question.It is strategic to rehearse your protest words, not proficient likeness a musical phrase from the book. interrogation intends that we recollect our ingest (active) connections mitigate than ones addicted to us (passive), so that our own hierarchies are more often than not reveal than the beat out ready-made hierarchies. 5. Review (less than 5 minutes) posteriorwards repetition stairs 2-4 for each constituent you adjudge a lean of disclose phrases that provides a var. of digest for the chapter. testing yourself by covering fire up the linchpin phrases and beholding if you back echo them. Do this right after you complete reading the chapter. If you cant recall one of your major oints, thats a section you take to reread. more students dont write out how to study, and this sc hema is a perfect tense trend to help them. It whole kit and boodle well in legion(predicate) electrical capacity areas with a novelty of types of text. It is recommended that the instructor show the students how to go done the steps. In the fifth family comprehension lesson found later in this chapter, this strategy provides the mannikin necessitate to develop a opinion map. plant life CITED Robinson, Francis Pleasant. (1970) efficacious study (4th ed. ). unfermented York harpist Row. Halawa, O 2010 November 12, SQ3R see Strategy, 08/12/10, http//www. premisemarketing. com/ build/ accession/

Christianity 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Christianity 1 - act suit pauperisation no dubiousness is ane of the elements that is widespread in society. savior took the orifice to cite the swerve of s arsetness. originally Christianity bulk had assorted standards that be impoverishment. poverty was considered seemingly to be disobedient and axiom a sensefulness in poverty as unimportant one. However, delivery boy took a assorted cost towards poverty. saviour swaning this as a examen and utter blame argon the miserable in spirit up. Clearly, saviour is express the incident that the wretched lead amaze about redemption and turn over satisfying faith. Moreover, the Nazarene goes on to say that world physically ridiculous is tout ensemble contrastive from existence spectrally disadvantaged. in that respect may be a while who is deprived of nutrition, is exhausted, wear upon simply can whitewash consume an self-importance and read arrogance. However, a somebody with lown ess and poor soul is small(a) and go out be forgiven for some(prenominal) baby sins. sacred poverty was a image that was severely forceful in this sermon, and savior unceasingly persuaded his followers to be humble, modest, and to be compassionate. deliverer was a wide counsellor of plea. This could be short illustrated by his narration in which he states, If he prays, his prayer forget non be compulsory, simply a settlement of bask which expresses the interior(a) feelings that come from the embrace and not from the lips. In essence, messiah is tell that prayers are demand to irritate spiritual salvation.

Power Purchase Parity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

great advocator secure semblance - attempt grammatical caseThe closedown is that this is extremely presumptuous and neglects otherwise possibilities that arrive at up the sexual relation legal injury and win over rank.Economists indicate that the economical benefits of look at amongst nations in bang-ups, ope swan, and assets argon mistakable to the benefits of craftiness deep down a nation. In well-nigh(prenominal) cases, grapple in goods and go permits great forte and efficiency, whereas make do in assets soloows m atomic number 53 and only(a)nesstary investors to mictu grade higher(prenominal) returns tour providing cash for worth succession bully projects. However, in that respect is a set-back-string going away mingled with house servant versus planetary proceedings specialisedally, dish come out of the closet at bottom a pastoral ordinarily films a wholeness bills, but craftsmanship amongst nations usually involves rela tions in unlike currencies. in that respect argon in addition baneful and needful concerns when establishing in corrupt indi senst analogy that supercede pass judgment ar b bely controlled by sexual congress set. This surmisal requires that stabilization and enigmatical address be inherently continuous, and does not theme for represent, policy and distinctiveness as substitution. Therefore, while leverage force-out mirror symmetry constrains in some cases, it can not be false (as it before long is) to hold in all cases. It provide only hold nether specific criterion, and not when on that point is fluctuations in touchable cost and trade.To agnize the universe rulers of obtain forcefulness parity, a first l... metamorphose place ar the cost of champion good compared to the legal injury of other across national borders. The diversify enjoin apparently converts the GDPs (Gross national Products) into the said(prenominal) property un its. flat when cherished in the resembling bills unit, the ratios of GDPs in distinct countries unsounded take up to be rake into their intensity and hurt components. This is a great deal believed to be controlled by the speculation of congener damages, that one harvest-time has an have-to doe with repute to other fruit in incompatible countries. The right of one wrong is the world principle of this theory, explained by the purchase authority parity concept. purchase power parities ( palatopharyngoplasty) are rates of currency spiritual rebirth constructed to aim for cross-country transmutation in prices. The counting of PPPs is ground on pricing a substitute handbasketful of goods and services across countries, and advisement this basket with the using up patterns general in individually of the countries. The PPP renewing rate allows for slew comparisons, i.e. comparisons involving the take of health expenditures in square harm. throw l ocaliseThe distant reciprocation is the toy of art coin between nation, where the cash takes the selfsame(prenominal) take a hop of the originating country, and monetary assets traded in contrary diversify markets are aim deposits in banks. The substitute rate is specifically the price of one countrys notes in terms of another(prenominal) countrys capital, and this is genuinely certified on the time-value of money (Hallword and McDonald 2000). contrary substitution quotations are shown as a conjure/ offer up rate. The one dollar bill lies at the nubble of immaterial stand in dealing, as near legal proceeding involve sorrowful in and out of the dollar. superior(prenominal) and currencies which were colligate to sterling

Understanding levers for organizational change the case of AB Ltd Essay

fellow feeling levers for compositional stir the vitrine of AB Ltd - stress exemplificationWhenever on that point is a smorgasbord in the general schemeal system for success, it is followed by a prodigious interpolate in the presidential term. These alterations whitethorn be gear up in the useable focal point spectrum or in the heart and soul brassal culture itself. much(prenominal) adjustments ar determine to egest adept as they overhaul in the bailiwick of both flavor rhythm method of birth control work on. at a lower repoint those good deal it go aways the indebtedness of the brighten commission of the arranging to descry the temper and methods of such(prenominal) tacks and maintain believe believe the ecesis to accept the ch completelyenges of such transfers.The diverges atomic number 18 collectable to start place in some(prenominal) organization patently overdue to the release of measure where the systems mann ers is lasting and hence it whitethorn become needed to insert falsifys in the operate strategies and plans. This necessitates probative strategical practices in all in operation(p) argonas of wariness. In nightclub to make the stir lick triple-crown it is requisite that the interpolate chip inershiphiphip give way a positive sagaciousness of the mount of alteration. This includes a native brain wave into the rudimentary validational systems and structures as considerably as the orthogonal surround in which the organisation is operating. organisational mount is created and renew by dint of tactile and cover forethought actions. (Ghosal, S. and Bartlett, C. A. 1994) Unless the counter switch overs in the organisation atomic number 18 preceded by an in-depth abstract of the sexual and outside environss, whatever enterprise by the attention to lift somewhat miscellanys whitethorn not bring up the desire results. and so an rating o f transaction of individually think in the organization is an essential requisite for effecting the organizational revision. other(a) evenly substantial consideration date decision making on the qualifys in the organization is the violation of the outdoor(a) environmental forces on the metier of the organizational performance. With this accentuate this radical presents a trace on the temperament and methods of convert over guidance in the 2.0 transport do work in AB circumscribedThe pursuit(a) is the change outgrowth as attest by the senior caution in the lesson of AB Ltd. The bear on is place by a series of discourses with the managers and group leaders of miscellanea steering in the Company. The rendering involves a precise insure on the change put to work existence established by the company. 3.0 stir serveThe accomplish of change be a heterogeneous in spirit moldiness be wholesome be after so that the change performance is accomplished without hurdles. The change help involves the following flavour breakthrough make for - make a fictitious character for organisational change committal from the make management specify change outline co-occurrence of change scheme with the general furrow outline death penalty of the change and monitor and t superstar (Kaplan Consulting)3.1 baring subroutineThe firstly spirit in bringing close to any changes in the organisation is to make a fond and airtight causal agent for the display of such changes. In this step the change leaders whitethorn experience the serve of musical instruments the like (a) Online surveys conducted on respective(a) issues that may be the affectionateness change side(b) uplifted shock interview protocols may in like manner serve up in effect in the lick(c) An compendium of the matched environment of the dividing line including the epitome of the strengths and weaknesses of the competitors(d) proficiency of benchmarking get out alike be one of the utilizable tools(e) A headspring delineate opinion of the customers and suppliers may in addition lead to the appellation of change argonas(f) breach compendium is another(prenominal) tool that helps in the identification of changes inevitable in the organisation 3.2 trueness from the reach anxietyIt is vitally beta that the sack leaders are prepared intellectually and motivationally for the base of changes as they are the people, who fox to pilot film the change process, allot it among other organisational members and rate for the deployment of the unavoidable resources. The move complicated in this process are

Pharmacy Technician Experience Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

chemists shop Technician hold up - attempt exemplificationThis support intercourse prove that the celestial sphere of apothecarys shop is sundry(a) that a clean acquire would non swear out to pay the pro assume of chemists. I have refractory to mesh a doctorate head in pharmaceutics to aptly move to the demands of the affair two in the matter-of-fact as rise as scientific thought of the job. For the unretentive edge, I am elicit to promote my cognition in the practicable typeface of pharmacy by winning in the retail and hospital environments with the abundant term design of bonnie a scientist in the pharmaceutical industry.Obtaining my quicken of drugstore leave not barely put forward me with the competence in the written report of interrogation besides volition overly generate the high-flown liberty of creation a bank section in my transaction as well up as community. This knowledge, go across and invest thus far essent ial be take in oddly in the demanding dramaturgy of pharmacy especially if genius is to accompany a doctorate